A photo from open sources
Supermassive black holes – powerful motors that suck matter and energy and returning almost nothing. Despite their size and impact, they are also relatively small, making it difficult detailed observations. For this reason, most of the data that astronomers have, collected on the basis of matter, which twists around a black hole, and not based on the properties of the black hole. The other day, considering four separate shots of the same black hole, astronomers R.K. Rice, M.T. Reynolds, J.M. Miller and D.J. Walter find out that she is spinning like that as quickly as physically possible. Or close to to this. Most likely, a black hole spun in a small number merging with other black holes rather than gradual increase “eaten” mass. First time opportunity to measure rotation a black hole outside the local universe, and it became possible only because the light from this black hole was magnified by the galaxy, lying by a lucky chance between her and the Milky Way. Not less this accident means it will be difficult to repeat this method for most other black holes. Black holes do not emit light on its own, however, matter spinning around them, Heats up due to collision and acceleration by magnetic fields. Matter emits light, making supermassive black holes alone of the brightest objects in space. Supermassive black holes are in the center of almost every galaxy. They weigh in millions or billions of times more than the sun. As astronomers observe them even in the most distant galaxies, black holes had to grow almost from the very beginning of the history of the universe. Regardless of the method formations, black holes are characterized by three physical quantities: mass, rotation, and in rare cases, electric charge. This simplicity means it’s not possible to recreate a story. black hole before current observations. In particular, if a black hole spinning fast, then most likely it is formed by two smaller black holes – an event that forms a quick rotation behind short time – or gradual build-up of mass. Any of these processes can give the momentum needed to rotate black holes. As a result, the best way to understand the evolution of the largest black holes is the study of their options throughout the universe. Comparing quasars – powerful jets emitted by black holes – in young galaxies with calmer cousins in neighboring galaxies, astronomers can create a single-frame evolution of black holes. Supermassive black holes in the local Universe are different bright, as in the old days, because now they are missing materials nearby. The present study examined the amount of light reflected by a quasar that is more than 200 million times heavier than the sun. This quasar called RX J1131 – 1231 is located 6.1 billion light-years from Earth, which is too far to it could be investigated with high resolution under ordinary conditions. However, the galaxy that was on the line between us and quasar, created a gravitational lens. According to the general theory relativity, gravity bends the path of photons, i.e. a sufficiently massive object can focus the light. The strongest gravitational lenses create a slightly larger image remote objects. In this case, the gravity of the galaxy divided the light of the quasar into four separate images, each of which is comparable in size to the galaxy. Researchers have combined four lensed images, thereby obtaining four times more data. They were looking for light that “reflects” from atoms iron, that is, photons are absorbed and re-emitted, and calculated speed of iron rotating in close proximity to RX J1131 – 1231. The distinctive spectrum of iron was modified quickly the movement of atoms, which allowed more accurate display what is happening. Next to the quasar, things do not rotate as they do in Solar system. Instead of rotating objects, rotating and black hole gravity combines and rotates the tissue itself space. Close enough to a black hole is a phenomenon that called the enthusiasm for inertial reference systems (in English frame dragging), accelerates iron atoms almost to the speed of light. Determine the speed of movement of atoms – and you will have speed black hole rotation. This reflection produces relatively a small amount of light, so it cannot be measured with it all quasars. However, researchers pooled nearly 140 data hours of observation using the Chandra observatories and XMM-Newton. The amount of data allowed to separate reflection data from the light of other quasars. Scientists have discovered that a black hole is spinning at least at a speed of 66% of the maximum value, admissible by the general theory of relativity, and at least 87 % of maximum. That means 6.1 billion years ago black the hole spun faster than is possible in principle, as it should was teaming up with another black hole earlier in time. Because the such observation requires an increase in the quasar of the gravitational lens, it cannot be repeated for each of the black holes. Nonetheless there are other linzable quasars, thanks to which will determine if the RX J1131-1231 is typical. If Assume that one supermassive black hole has grown due to mergers, it can be assumed that others did the same.
Time Universe Galaxy Gravity Sun Black hole Evolution
