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The fourth planet from the Sun, which is located after Mercury, Venus and Earth. It is also called the Red Planet. Of course, speech talking about Mars. The mass of this planet is approximately 11 percent from the mass of the Earth, and the equatorial radius is 3396 kilometers. One year or spherical rotation period is about 687 Earth years. As for the atmosphere, it is 95 percent composed from carbon dioxide. In addition, minor impurities of nitrogen, argon, oxygen, carbon monoxide, water vapor, krypton, nitric oxide, neon. Its thickness is approximately 110 kilometers. At the surface, pressure on Mars is 160 times lower than at our planet, so there can be no water in a liquid state. The planet received its name in honor of one of the ancient Roman gods – god of war Mars. Therefore, both satellites of this planet are named in honor of the sons of God who accompanied him in every battle – Phobos and Deimos. The planet Mars can be seen with the naked eye in the Earth, since in brightness it is second only to Jupiter and Venus, and then not is always. As a rule, each planet of the solar system has its own features, and Mars in this regard is no exception. There there is the largest canyon in the system – the Mariner Valley, the most high mountain – the extinct volcano Olympus, and, in addition – the largest a crater that measures 8.5 thousand kilometers by 10.6 thousand kilometers. The temperature regime on the planet has a wide range. In summer, in the equatorial part, the temperature reaches +20 degrees, and in winter at the poles it drops to -153 degrees. The average temperature on the planet is -60 degrees. Climate seasonal, like on Earth. In winter, frost sometimes appears on Mars, and even once a snowfall was recorded, but the snowflakes never reached the surface, evaporating. Scientists are sure that in In the past, the planet had a dense atmosphere and a completely different climate. About 4 billion years ago on this planet, according to scientists, there was water in a liquid state, it rained very often, and the average temperature was about +20 degrees. Part of scientists sure what is happening on Mars gradual warming, but to prove it is not yet possible. The surface of the planet can conditionally be divided into seas and continents. The continents are light areas that occupy about two-thirds of the total squares, and the seas are dark parts. Most of the seas are in the southern hemisphere, and only two are in the northern. it The sea of Acidalia and Big Syrt. Previously, scientists were confident that that the dark areas were covered with vegetation, but later were studies have been carried out that have shown that this is just craters and hills. It should be noted that in different hemispheres the surface of the planet is different. So, for example, in the north no craters, there the surface is flat and is located on several kilometers below average. In the southern hemisphere, practically the entire surface consists of craters, in addition, it is a little elevated above the middle level. According to scientists, such a difference due to the fact that in ancient times Mars collided with a certain large space object. Existing studies prove that once there was water on Mars. In addition, there have also been objects of water erosion were found, in particular, river beds. So, the largest channel found in the area of the Eberswald crater – length It is about 60 kilometers. Besides this, the planet also there are polar caps from gas and ice, the thickness of which is from one meter to 3.5 kilometers. As for the soil, it’s on different sites is different. About a quarter it consists of silica. In addition, approximately 15 percent hydrates of iron oxides, which gives the surface planet red color. Studies prove that Martian soils are for the most part similar to terrestrial, therefore theoretically some plants could be grown there. Exploring mars It began in ancient Egypt about 3.5 thousand years ago. And especially in detail and already with the help of telescopes, the research process came on the nineteenth – the beginning of the twentieth century. Since 1964 expeditions began to be sent to Mars. In 1971 was launched first artificial satellite. Its main task was to compile map of the surfaces of Mars. Then several successful expeditions during which photographing and mapping, and in 1996 landed on the planet’s surface Mars rover. In 2004-2010, the study of Mars was carried out using apparatus “Spirit”, which worked for 6 years instead estimated three months. Which in itself is a major breakthrough, since most of the expeditions were still unsuccessful: either lost communication, or there were accidents with launch vehicles. IN the end of the nineteenth century became very popular the theory that Mars can be inhabited by sentient beings. Researched proved their theories and conjectures, and the scientist Nikolai Tesla even talked about how he managed to catch a certain signal from the Martians. In favor of the fact that Mars could really or life may exist, says the presence of numerous irrigation canals, as well as objects of unusual shape, resembling whole houses or walls. However, not a single satellite, nor the Mars rover that studied Mars, to date did not find traces of intelligent life on the planet. The only thing was traces of the simplest bacteria resembling terrestrial ones were found. Besides Moreover, methane was discovered in the atmosphere of Mars. And since in conditions of this planet, it decomposes very quickly, then, therefore, there must be a source from which this gas is constantly replenished, that is, bacteria. There is also ongoing talk about that life is possible on Mars. There are a lot of theories about that intelligent creatures live on the planet now, but not on surface, and under it. According to theory, these creatures were forced to leave their homes after the collision of Mars with space body, which led to a strong change in the atmosphere and climate. In addition to the possible reasonable inhabitants of Mars, this is not the first year excites the minds of scientists and the prospect of the colonization of the planet Mars earthlings. Currently, it seems quite possible and feasible, because in some places the natural conditions of this planets are very reminiscent of terrestrial. The main problem is low pressure and strong ionizing radiation at surface.
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