If a person is thrown into outer space without a spacesuit, then he will explode. Meteorites fall to the Earth hot. Red color annoying bulls. A coin dropped from a skyscraper can kill person. These and other misconceptions are very popular and even have “scientific” explanations. Biology The human body in space explodes In science fiction films often appears scene when one of the heroes appears in outer space without spacesuit. In this case, the victim will certainly burst (necessarily with characteristic pop, although in a vacuum sound waves do not spread because there are no particles that could transmit vibrations), and her insides are beautifully scattered in different sides. This outcome seems logical: to withstand the severity of many kilometers of air inside our body pressure is maintained equal to that which we experience outside. That is, pressure in one atmosphere. In interstellar any molecules are very rare in space, which means that nothing is putting pressure on the person who has appeared without any protection and it must be torn from the inside. This is actually not the case. The human body is a very stable construction, at least to this kind of damage. Let people have no solid exoskeleton, as, for example, in insects, but the skin, vascular walls and bones will not allow organs to move from their places. Although staying without equalizing external pressure, the internal organs are somewhat swell and their “swelling” may break some capillaries. Especially greatly increase in size the lungs and organs digestive system, as they are filled with gases that are still a second ago they were great compressed by pressure from outside. “Free” oxygen will quickly leave the lungs and circulatory system, and the body will begin suffer from hypoxia. A man thrown into space will lose consciousness, but before disconnecting, he may have time Feel something boiling inside him: with significant lowering the pressure contained inside the fluid goes into gaseous state. But to tear a man from within gas cannot – if only because there are too many holes in the body and slots through which it will seep out. 
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In total, a person who mistakenly went out into the open space without a spacesuit, there are about 90 seconds to return to the ship (although given the rapid loss of consciousness this time reduced to 15 seconds). After a minute and a half, the unfortunate blood will begin to boil, in addition, the brain damaged by hypoxia is already will never be able to fully restore its performance. Hair and nails grow some time after death. Believe according to which after death the dead still have some time hair and nails grow, very common. Supporters of this hypotheses explain this by the fact that some physiological processes in the body of the deceased continue after the death. In reality, the elongated nails of the deceased is a visual illusion. After death the body begins to intensively lose fluid, and the skin of the corpse dries up and shrinks. In particular, the pads of the fingers are compressed, which is why the nails seem longer. Believers in the life of nails after death can console with the fact that there is some truth in their beliefs. Most cells are less sensitive to oxygen deficiency than cells brain, so the hypothetical probability that after stopping heart nails continue to grow a few more minutes, yet there are.
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Bats are blind. Bats orient in the dark. using echolocation – the same mechanism that is used on submarines. Animals emit sounds in high frequency range (ultrasound) and “catch” their reflection from others items. If the sound came back quickly, it means an obstacle is nearby, if he traveled for a long time or not at all returned – the space nearby is free. Sending a lot such impulses and carefully analyzing them, mice can very accurately determine what is around them. Many people believe that owners of such a perfect “navigator” do not need ordinary eyes and their vision is almost completely atrophied. This is not true. Firstly, not all bats use echolocation. Secondly, even those animals that actively use this mechanism are quite tolerably oriented and with the help of vision. Moreover, in volatiles mice that eat fruit, eyes are very well developed and occupy there is no less place on the muzzle than eyes of comparable size nocturnal rodents. The organs of vision of insectivorous bats are noticeably smaller, but they are also quite functional: with the help of the eyes, animals determine their height relative to the earth, estimate the size of large obstacles and seek the road, focusing on large objects. Besides Moreover, evaluating the level of illumination with the eyes, the mouse determine that night has come and it is time for them to fly out to hunt. Red color irritates bulls. Another typical misconception. regarding the characteristics of vision in animals that has become popular thanks to the bloodthirsty spanish bullfight. It is believed that the matador “turns” the bull with the help of a red cloak, which he brandishes in front of the nose of the animal. Mindful of this feature of bulls, many people avoid appearing next to the herd in red clothes. They are worried in vain: bulls, like most other mammals (with the exception of primates) have dichromatic vision, i.e. they simply cannot distinguish between red and green. Skill see colors is determined by special photosensitive cells under the name of the cone, or rather, how many types of protein-opsins are these most cones contain. For example, in the eyes of people and monkeys of the Old there are three types of opsins, thanks to which we distinguish several thousand shades (according to some sources, up to one hundred thousand). The cones of birds carry four types of opsins, therefore, in terms of feathered all people are color blind.
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The color vision of the bulls is very poorly developed, so the matador’s cloak for them nothing special stands out. And rabid animals lead sharp movements of a person and injections of a sword. Chameleons change color to disguise the environment changing chameleons is often the only thing people know about these tropical lizards. And the majority is firmly convinced that funny reptiles turn green, turn blue or turn black in order to better camouflage under environmental conditions. A long time it’s conviction existed among scientists, but recently experts concluded that mimicry under nearby branches and flowers – this is the last thing why chameleons change the color of the integument. Lizards change the color of the integument thanks to special cells – chromatophores that contain granules of various pigments. Chromatophores have a complex, branched shape, and pigments can located both in the processes and in the center of the cell. One or another coloring occurs when pigments of the corresponding shade are located in the “branches”. In order to “drive” pigments there, the chromatophore relaxes. If it is necessary to collect granules dye in the center of the cell, on the contrary, it contracts. Observations of lizards in nature and laboratory experiments showed that repainting in different colors is necessary for them, first turn, for thermoregulation and interaction with each other. Chameleons, like other reptiles, are poorly able to maintain constant body temperature: it can vary over quite wide limits depending on the temperature of the environment (scientists call this property the compound word poikilotherm). One or another coloring is due to the corresponding pigments, in number which, in particular, includes melanin. This pigment is responsible for darker color of the lizard skin, as well as dark surfaces absorb more sunlight than light, chameleons become brown when they are cold. In addition, with the help of skin color reptiles tell their relatives about their mood.
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If the chameleon is ready for a romantic date, he chooses one shade, and his intention to immediately attack a neighbor proclaimed to others. Scientists recently found that the harder the social structure of a particular type of chameleon, the more often animals change color and the less it correlates with color surrounding surfaces. Physics If reset a coin from a skyscraper, it can kill a person Everyone knows that walking on a construction site without a helmet is dangerous – something is not even very heavy can fall from above and pierce the head. Bye small bolt or the nut will fly, say, from the 15th floor, they will accelerate to at such a speed that they begin to pose a real danger. There is the opinion that the same applies to very light objects – for example, coins, if you drop them from a sufficient height, say, with Ostankino tower. In fact, throwing coins with Skyscrapers can be without fear for the lives of other people. because of coin air resistance can only accelerate to some threshold value (for example, paratroopers who, Of course, more coins, with a steady flat free fall accelerate from power to 40 meters per second, and if unstable, then there is somersaulting, up to 50 meters per second). And this is not taking into account gusts of wind, which are very significant for a small coin. The second thing to remember is because of the form in hazard assessment from a coin, only its kinetic energy must be taken into account. She calculated by the well-known formula E = m * v2 / 2, where m is the mass subject, and v – its speed. When the street is calm, a coin, dropped from the observation deck of the Ostankino television tower, at best case, picks up speed of 70 kilometers per hour (about 19 meters in give me a sec). For a coin of 50 cents, this corresponds to an energy of 26.6 Joule. For comparison, a pistol bullet caliber 9 millimeters per Departure has an energy of about 350 joules. Lightning never strikes the same spot twice. This belief was probably worth it. life to more than one person. Lightnings not only strike several times in the same place: some items are really loved targets of lightning. This is especially true for high metal objects that “attract” lightning discharges – in fact, it is on this fact that the action of lightning rods, which according to logic should be called lightning rods. In the spire of the same The Ostankino tower strikes from 40 to 50 lightnings every year. Even in the absence of “traps” for lightning once they hit, say, in the tree does not turn it into a guarantor of security. If over a specific there is a thunderstorm in the area, then all places in this area can be “attacked” with equal probability. Lightning strike in one place or another does not affect probability in any way, although such a conclusion seems intuitively wrong: this misconception even has a special name “player error”. In different hemispheres a water funnel (e.g. in the sink) twists in different directions Theoretically, conduct an experiment proving that force Coriolis really affects the movement of any liquids on Earth, perhaps. For this it is necessary to fill with water enough capacious round container, exactly in the middle of which there is a tiny hole plugged by a cork, always from the bottom (so that the manipulation of the cork does not lead to disturbance of the liquid). In a week, when even the smallest fluctuations subside in water, you need to carefully remove the cork and wait a few hours until weak Coriolis force will prove itself.
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Such an experiment was conducted, and its results coincided with expected: the water in the tank spun in the same direction as cyclones in a particular hemisphere. “Be sure to watch when you will to wash in which direction the water spins “, – this phrase probably heard from my friends everyone who went on vacation in Australia, New Zealand or South Africa. Confidence that in different hemispheres any fluid flows circulate in opposite directions, stuck in the heads of a huge amount people from school – alas, often the shell example is mentioned teachers talking about the Earth’s rotation and the Coriolis force. Force inertia, named after the French scientist who described it Gustave Gaspard Coriolis, really connected with the rotation of our planets and affects the movement of large masses of air and water: flows in storms and cyclones of the southern hemisphere spin clockwise arrow, and in the north – against. However, compared to rotational processes that we observe in ordinary life (the same water funnel in the sink) The earth turns around its axis very slowly, and in order of magnitude, the Coriolis force is much less than any of the forces that control the processes of rotation of objects around us. Therefore, under normal conditions, notice the influence of the Coriolis force on the behavior of water in the sink is impossible, and the direction in which the liquid is sucked into the drain, depends primarily on how the sink filled, and from its shape. Astronomy Falling meteorites incandescent to Earth to very high temperatures many cartoons and science fiction films that fell to Earth meteorites are red-hot and even smoke. Screenwriters such films and most of their viewers believe that the celestial body warms up due to friction against the air. This process is really takes place: already at an altitude of about 100 kilometers above the Earth a meteorite that previously traveled in a space vacuum collides with a huge number of gas molecules. Collisions with them heat the outer layer of stone to huge temperatures, turning solid rock into gas, which is immediately carried away into the atmosphere. Most (about 90 percent) of meteorites falling to Earth stone, and stone has very poor thermal conductivity. how consequence, if the meteorite is large enough, then the heat from the external layers do not have time for a few seconds (on average, 19 seconds), which the body conducts in the atmosphere, transmitted to the inside stone. If it was cold enough initially, then the center a meteorite can generally be frozen. At a height of 10-15 kilometers such a meteorite is usually slowed down and begins to fall already without significant friction about the atmosphere, then he has a lot time for the cold center to cool the surface layer. how the consequence, the meteorite that just fell will not be hot at all, but warm or, at best, hot. That is no fire for example, he cannot arrange. These considerations, however, apply. only to medium-mass bodies – large meteorites crash into surface at tremendous speed and explode therefore cold they or hot – it does not matter. The change of seasons is associated with Earth’s approach to the Sun This is perhaps one of the most persistent misconceptions. At first glance, it seems logical: the closer Earth to the Sun, the more heat and light falls on the planet. Why does winter and summer exist in different hemispheres? at the same time, although both are on the same planet, supporters this point of view can no longer be explained. The true reason for the change the seasons are less obvious: several seasons stand out on Earth due to the fact that the axis of its rotation around the axis is not parallel to the axis Earth orbit around the sun. The angle of inclination between them is constant and is 23.5 degrees. You can imagine that the earth’s axis is a needle piercing the planet through so that its tip comes out from the North Pole and conditionally looks up, and the blunt end sticks out from the South Pole and directed “down”. When the needle tip points to a star, summer is coming in the Northern Hemisphere. The sun rises high above the horizon, and its rays fall on the territory north of the equator at smaller angles: that is, they do not slip on the surface, but as if “rested” on it. Maximum amount solar energy reaches the earth when rays fall vertically, and that is why it is warmer in summer than in winter. At equatorial latitudes rays fall perpendicularly all year round, so there are seasons not stand out. Summer in the southern hemisphere comes when the tip the needle is directed away from the sun.
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