Apple symbol – a bitten apple on the right side – one of the most recognizable in civilized countries. This logo surrounded by many rumors and mysteries. Many see in it a hint of ingenious Newton (according to legend, he discovered the law of the universal gravity after the apple fell on top of him).
Photos from open sources
Someone is inclined to see the symbol of the fall in an apple. One of the founders of Arrl, the late Steve Jobs, are always clever declined to comment on the logo. Why? Maybe, he feared that if the real subtext of the symbol became known to the masses, a corporation may suffer multimillion losses …
The genius of pure mathematics
Few know that Steve Jobs’s idol was English mathematician Alan Turing. The brilliant scientist is sometimes called the “father computer science and artificial intelligence. “At 41, Turing, by official version, committed suicide by biting an apple stuffed by cyanide itself. According to other sources, it was not suicide, and murder. Be that as it may, Alan until recently considered a pariah in the scientific world because of their homosexual addictions. His fan Steve Jobs could not help but understand: Apple actively enters the markets of states where sodomy is not held in high esteem (Russia, China, countries of Eastern Europe). And therefore in every possible way evaded questions about the logo. Probably feared that the true the meaning of a bitten apple can scare away buyers. In support of this version says at least the fact that only in 1998 the logo corporations became monophonic, until that moment the apple was painted in rainbow colors (a symbol of the gay community). What is Alan Turing has earned respect from Steve Jobs and others “monsters” of modern cybernetics? Like many geniuses, Alan Turing, born in India in 1912, was non-standard a child. He was not interested in anything but mathematics. Parents Alana, having moved to England, tried to make the boy comprehensively gifted person: he was sent to a humanitarian school against desire the city of Sherborne. By the age of 13, Alan, who is not in an institution taught even the basics of calculus (!), solved the most complicated in the mind mathematical problems, which perplexed his teachers. His called the worst student of the class, and the director in the characteristic wrote: “He will undoubtedly become a real problem for society.” After graduating from school, Turing first studied at Cambridge College (he did there only the second time), then in France and the USA. At the age of 23, he already defended his doctoral dissertation in mathematics, and after two years developed a theory “logical computing machines.” In the future, Turing’s “machines” will be an indispensable part of the curriculum for future cybernetics. The world owes Alan a lot of purely mathematical decisions.
How a scientist outplayed the Nazis
Photos from open Sources Monument to Alan Turing in Bletchley Park
In 1939, the British War Department put Alan in front of task: it was necessary to unravel the secret of Enigma – a machine that German cryptographers used to encode radiograms when fleet and aviation operations. Scouts managed to get a copy Enigmas, but reading intercepted German radiograms anyway failed. Turing invited to head the department of “British schools of codes and ciphers, “which was supposed to help resolve this problem, and provided complete freedom of action. Alana swept real hunting excitement. He invited several friends to the group – chess players and mathematicians. Rolling up their sleeves, these are the first in the world in modern language, hackers got down to business. Partially “break” “Enigma” managed a year later. Now the British could read more than half of German ciphers. And in 1943, the Turing group “hacked” and a more complex version of “Enigma” – they used it German submariners. British command gained access almost all the information that the Germans exchanged. It, undoubtedly contributed to the success of the British fleet and, of course, ten times reduced human casualties. Britain deservedly appreciated Turing’s contribution to victory. He was awarded the order and included in the group, involved in the development of computers. 1951 was a real triumph for Alana. Manchester earned one of the world’s first computers, and the scientist had a hand in its creation: he wrote software security. In the same year, Turing was elected a member of the London royal society. In addition, he did not stop working on intelligence. Now he was engaged in the “Soviet” direction and was about to had to develop a cryptographic recognition algorithm.
Fatal injection
Everything collapsed when in 1952 Alan’s apartment was robbed. Soon during the investigation, the police detained the offender. It turned out to be one of the friends of the scientist’s lover. Yes, yes, Turing has been for many years convinced homosexual (a fairly common occurrence in high society of Britain) and didn’t even especially hide it. In those years in England, sodomy was considered a criminal offense. In most cases, society turned a blind eye to “sins” of this kind. To not to fall under the harsh hand of justice, it was only necessary hide their unconventional orientation and not declare it in hearing
Alan Turing, contrary to all norms in force in society, went all-in: he loudly declared himself homosexual. However, evidence, in addition to sincere recognition, was enough with in excess: the police seized the scientist’s intimate correspondence from the thief, which he led with his many lovers throughout a number of years. Is it any wonder that the society that Turing challenged, mercilessly dealt with him?
The high-profile lawsuit lasted for several months. Fate the thief was no longer interested in anyone: Britain, holding her breath, wondered about Alan’s future. Is the law punishing the war hero leading a decoder, a world-famous scientist? The judge turned out to be adamant. Turing, according to the laws of that time, was offered on choice: two years in prison or chemical castration. Alan chose the second and soon received an injection that forever made him impotent. In addition, Turing was fired from the civil service, as well as banned from teaching at the University of Manchester.
The scientist suddenly lost both his good name and meaning life, and livelihood. After some time, the team teachers took Alan on bail, he was allowed to take up again teaching activities. However, the psyche of the scientist was broken: until the end of his life he lived as a recluse, playing various board games and looking at interesting pictures. Alan was shy go out to people – from an injection of a drug that included female hormones, his chest began to grow.
“Forgive us, you deserved better.”
A photo open source Full and working copy of Bombe at National Bletchley Park Computer Museum (UK)
And he did not have long. June 8, 1954 body of the scientist found in his house. Near on the night table was a bitten an apple, which, as the examination later showed, was saturated potassium cyanide. The official version says that Alan did away unofficial suicide, that envious people killed him. True, none of the proponents of violent death explains what was envious at that time: Turing actually hunted down, trampled and betrayed into official oblivion. Good name the scientist was returned much later. And the bashful rumor took away the main role in the creation of computers and software to the American Professor Norbert Wiener, pushing the “non-standard” Turing to background. Alan’s mother assured her that accident. Allegedly, in the last years of his life, Turing was carried away chemistry and, as the woman noted, extremely sloppy worked with drugs. However, the official version of the death of the scientist no one could refute, but speculation remains only assumptions. Steve Jobs, having bitten and painted in rainbow colors apple outstripped by Apple logo official authorities for decades. Only in 2009, the Prime Minister UK Gordon Brown calls Turing “the loudest victim homophobia “and stated:” On behalf of the British government and all those who live free thanks to the contribution of Alan, I with all I say with sincerity: forgive us, you deserved much better. ”
5 FACTS ABOUT THE “FATHER OF CYBERNETICS” • IN unlike many desk scientists, Turing was actively engaged sports. He played chess rather weakly, but he was considered a great runner. In 1947, for example, in All English Alan took the fifth place in the marathon. • At Cambridge Turing College went for the sake of a friend, but he died at the age of 17. Alan not wanted to put up with the injustice of fate and tried to prove the possibility of relocation of souls using mathematical calculations. By according to some sources, he worked on this theory until his death. • IN 2002 Alan recognized as “one of the 100 Greatest Britons in history. “• One of the asteroids is named after Turing. • In 1966 the Turing Prize was established in the year. It is awarded annually specialists in the field of computer science and computer technology and is 250 thousand dollars.
Andrey LESHUKONSKY
UK Time Life
