A photo from open sources
In world science, a super-sensation: a revolutionary breakthrough Japanese professor Yoshinori Kuwabara – he created an artificial uterus and managed to grow a kid in it. Now there is no doubt: it’s for homunculus, which scientists raved about since the 13th century. The world is inexorably approaching the line beyond which reproduction itself man in artificial conditions will simply become a technology and business. What other horizons does the conveyor of life open? This goat there is still no name, moreover, formally this animal has not even exists, but nevertheless it has already become a real scientific sensation, and photos of this beauty last week went around the whole world. Fantastic shots: Professor Yoshinori Kuwabara from Juntendo University of Tokyo bent over translucent white the bag in which the goat rests, entangled from the head to the hooves flexible tubes and wires. This is the first artificial the uterus, in which, according to the Japanese, the first the world is an artificial goat that is about to be born. The news caused a real storm in the scientific world. Still would! 30 years back when scientists invented the extracorporeal procedure fertilization (IVF) and conducted the first experiments on conception of “children from test tubes, “the world suddenly with horror learned that men are no longer needed for procreation. It was then that science fiction films appeared in the style of “New Amazons”, predicted a quick and ruthless victory feminism all over the world. But progress does not stand still. And now it turns out that to continue the human race are not needed and women. Strictly speaking, for the reproduction of homo sapiens soon already the man himself will not be needed. The struggle for days and grams About the invention of the artificial uterus, scientists have seriously considered half a century ago, when medicine faced the task of maintaining the lives of premature babies. Generally, couves for premature babies, appeared in maternity hospitals in the late 70s of the last century, and there are the first models of artificial uterus – these are plastic containers, equipped with water mattresses were designed to simulate conditions stay of the fetus in amniotic fluid in the mother’s body. For this constant temperature and humidity are maintained in couves (about 60 percent), also the couves are equipped with an artificial ventilation and artificial nutrition devices both through blood, and through a nasogastric tube. In 1979, doctors made discovery that mechanical ventilation is far from always can save the life of a newborn. Fact that the lungs of all organs develop last, and only on the 22-24th week pregnancy in the body of infants appears surfactant – a special substance that counteracts the decline of the alveoli in the lungs (with the help of these tiny bubbles gas exchange occurs when air oxygen passes into the blood, and carbon dioxide – from the blood into air). And if there is no surfactant, then lung ventilation is not only pointless, but also deadly. Therefore for salvation kids need to create not only a special gas environment, but also synthesize many substances that the fetus receives from the mother. So doctors learned how to model in laboratory conditions many processes occurring inside a person, and the “survival threshold” babies was shifted from 24 to 20 weeks, that is, doctors learned nursing a 500-gram fetus, for some reason torn away maternal organism. And every time this “threshold” succeeds move at least a few grams, this event is tantamount to the capture of a new mountain peak – such is the price of the struggle for life. By the way not so long ago in the Scientific Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and perinatology named after academician V.I. Kulakova was put a new world record: doctors managed to save the life of a premature baby girl weighing just 450 grams! That is, to shift the “threshold” survival rate “another 50 grams, it took over three decades of intense research. In the late 70s another significant event happened: Louise Joy was born in London Brown, nicknamed by Super-Baby reporters, was the first child Conceived by IVF. Scientists have the opportunity to model in vitro processes of fetal development as from the very beginning the emergence of life at the cellular level, and in the final stages. There was a logical idea to combine these two processes into a single whole. and create some kind of apparatus for growing people. True then it it seemed like pure fantasy – there was no substance in the world, able to replace the placenta. As a result, the doctors involved in the study properties of this wonderful tissue, discovered stem cells and founded a new science – stem medicine, thanks to which a new one became possible scientific breakthrough. Race for the womb Professor Yoshinori Kuwabara, Head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University, tackled the problem of creating an artificial uterus back in 1995. Then he invented the “multimatka” – a tiny device, only 2 mm in diameter, which can accommodate up to 20 eggs of experimental mice. All of them can be fertilized at the same time, and they will evolve until the time comes to spend embryo implantation in the uterus of a surrogate mother. True, in those years due to violations of the temperature and acidity of the environment Wednesday, embryos often died, and then Professor Kuwabara thought, that unused eggs can not be frozen, but given the opportunity for them to develop. He soon developed a new technology embryo life support. Professor Kuwabara removed the uterus from goats and put them in sterile plastic containers filled artificial amniotic fluid (amniotic fluid), in which constantly maintained body temperature. Into these uterus he placed the embryos of animals, feeding into the container a nutritious “broth”. “We provide the fetus with a comfortable environment by mimicking the natural environment in which they exist in the body animal, – quoted the words of Yesinori Kuwabara authoritative magazine New Scientist.— All experiments with an artificial uterus, carried out on goats, showed that the device works more more effective than conventional IVF fertilization, and more half of the embryos in it grow healthy. “True, bring experiments to their logical conclusion – the birth of a healthy an animal – scientists did not succeed: all the embryos died on the most various stages. However, over the years of countless experiments the Japanese were able to perfect the methods of maintaining life in artificial uterus. Polymers capable of replace natural fabrics, but so far about these artificial Japanese prefer not to spread materials fearing that any careless word will be heard right there competitors. Indeed, today in the world among biotechnology laboratories launched a real race for the right to create an existing artificial growing technology people. Both Americans and American have their own artificial uterus designs. Koreans and Europeans. The most interesting project developed scientists from the Center for Reproductive Medicine and Artificial Cornell University’s inseminations that managed to grow from stem cells taken from women, a kind of female bosom. In vitro fertilization experiments were also conducted, and, as the head of the research group assured reporters Dr. Han-Chin Liu, the embryos successfully stuck to the walls laboratory uterus. But soon the experiments were stopped – by a number of moral and ethical considerations. But the fact remains: even if Yoshinori Kuwabara’s experiment on the birth of an artificial goat and will fail (a cautious professor Kuwabara, as he explained on the university’s website, never excludes), then by the combined efforts of scientists of the world artificial the uterus will somehow appear, and over the next two to three years. It’s a shame, though, that Russia is not even close to the list participants in this new biotechnological revolution. It’s a double shame – because at one time Soviet scientists from the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecologists of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR made many fundamental discoveries in areas of antenatal therapy (i.e. treating the fetus before it birth). You can also recall the work of Oleg’s “weirdo” Belokurov from the Leningrad Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology. BEFORE. Ott, who back in the 1970s tried to patent his “artificial woman” – the name of the device, which, like kuvezi in maternity hospitals, using light and heating water imitated intrauterine environment, not only for a newborn, but for some nutritious “broth” and a fertilized egg. Inventor in was eventually subjected to real obstruction. Of course, academicians there were good reasons – it is unlikely that this “woman” could bring full offspring, but the very fact of its appearance was evidence drilling research work in the country’s scientific laboratories. Today’s Russian science is reduced to the state that we we can only master other people’s developments, and even then not the most advanced. Nevertheless, a new biotechnological revolution will inevitably affect Russia, no matter how much everyone wants the opposite fans of the patriarchal way of life, traditional conservative “values” and spiritual “bonds” that even defame the idea of the possibilities of surrogacy. There are even calls deny surrogate children the opportunity to attend Christian temples. But what will happen to our conservatives when the world appears real replicants are people who have no biological mothers? Is Russia ready for such a change? Photo from Professor Kuwabara’s lab: what the artificial fruit looks like goats in an artificial uterus 
Photos from open sources Certainly, the “Spark” correspondent was assured at the Scientific Center obstetrics, gynecology and perinatology named after academician V.I. Kulakova, least of all doctors working in the field of biotechnology, think about creating a new – “artificial” – humanity. So far, more mundane tasks are on the agenda. For instance, new technologies will allow all women to have their own children, suffering from a defect in the uterus or its underdevelopment. – New technologies will allow to solve reproductive problems in many young couples, – Professor Vladimir Bakharev says. — Congenital frequency hereditary pathologies are so high that it genetic factors today rank second among all factors of infant mortality. Today up to 5 percent newborns suffer from various hereditary pathologies, and therefore, we insist that young couples before conception the child would undergo a genetic examination. Technology growing a fetus in an artificial uterus will help solve all of these Problems. At the same time, none of the young parents even thinks about technologies for the genetic improvement of their offspring – would be healthy, and thank God. However, even one hundred percent healthy genes do not guarantee complete health to the baby. It also happens that one of two twin brothers begins to literally absorb the other, taking all his vitality from him, which later is fraught problems for both already. Save the twins from so strong fraternal “love” and help the artificial uterus. Another area application of new biotechnologies – fetal surgery. These are operations on human fetuses that are surgeons for the sake of prenatal cure baby from heart defects – carried out directly in the mother’s womb. Often, these operations are very dangerous for the life of not only the baby, but and mothers. Now the risk can be significantly reduced by placing the baby into the artificial womb. Mammoths and papons Of course, a new the biotechnological revolution opens up prospects not only for medicine. I remember a few years ago the director of the Mammoth Museum NEFU Semyon Grigoriev from Yakutia shared his plans for the revival these prehistoric animals. It took nothing at all – to find living cells with mammoth DNA, and the mammoth genocode has already been calculated on the remains of wool. And find an elephant suitable sizes for carrying a mammoth – after all, the ancient mammoths were larger current elephants. True, the scientist complained, in this case it will be it’s no longer a purebred mammoth, but a half-blood, “elephant mammoth”. But here thanks to the artificial uterus, you can grow at least a mammoth, at least ancient giant mastodon. Incidentally, the rebirth mammoth breeding has long been a national idefix of the Yakut scientists. Just imagine what prospects open up before Russian agriculture in case of successful completion mammoth revival experiment! Imagine herds of these giant animals perfectly adapted for life in the harsh the tundra that produce tons of super-useful product – hundreds of thousands years of evolution and our sharing side by side with mammoths led to the fact that it is the mammoth meat that the human stomach assimilates best. In any case, as scientists say, investigated the effect of mammoth meat on the human body. – Besides of that, Yakut scientists proved, is our unpaid human duty! After all, it was the anthropogenic factor that led to complete extermination of mammoths – in other words, primitive hunters exterminated all these animals. And now that we are new step of evolution, we must bring these amazing animals. Not only mammoths can return, but also others extinct species of fauna. For example, the Steller’s cow is a giant aquatic mammal exterminated in the 18th century by hunters Commander Islands. Or the marsupial Tasmanian wolf that inhabited once in Australia. However, much more interesting to genetic engineers will design new species – in biology such animals called chimeras. And the first samples of chimeras have already been created – to for example, not so long ago, an interspecific chimera of a sheep and a goat was obtained, experiments are underway to implant part of the human genome in the genome of the pig. So far, such experiments have been limited not only moral criteria, but also the parameters of the mother organism – after all, it’s not enough for a biologist to get a chimeric embryo, you need it still grow and give birth. Now, as futurologists say, no biological restrictions will no longer be – you can grow that anything, even a hamster the size of a hippo, even a cross between an elephant and a hedgehog. Sooner or later, the person himself will undergo reconstruction. Agree, it is unlikely that governments will be able to resist the temptation to grow ideal soldiers in the laboratory of the future – powerful supermen, completely devoid of ability meditate on orders. And how do you like the idea of growing a race of gentlemen and the race of servants – it is possible that already in the next century the national the organization of states will become obsolete, and society will turn to the “new feudalism, “when elites will grow themselves servants, peasants and soldiers. And how sexual life will change human, it’s hard to imagine. It is no coincidence that the first alarm the feminists scored. It was worth Professor Kuwabara to publish the first pictures with an unborn goat in a synthetic uterus, as his page on the Internet was attacked by outraged Japanese girls, feared that because of this invention, men would soon will be able to refuse to communicate with normal women. Oh, it feels like scrapes around the world will crack soon. How was born biotech 1677 Dutch naturalist Anthony van Levenguk first examined under a microscope and compiled a description of sperm. 1780 Italian priest and scholar Lazarro Spallanzani designed the technique of artificial insemination of dogs in order to improve the breed. 1790 Scottish researcher and physician John Hunter for the first time performed intrauterine insemination of a woman. 1827 German doctor Karl Ernst von Baer was the first to write a description of the human egg. The first successful fertilization attempt was also made. in vitro egg cells in mammals (rabbits and guinea pigs) with subsequent birth of offspring. 1897 Russian Academician Quiz Gruzdev conducted a study on the possibility of fertilization by the method IVF of one rabbit with a donor egg taken from another rabbits. 1961 Doctors of the World Health Organization developed a methodology for assessing the viability of premature infants newborns. It was believed that a child can only go out when birth after 28 weeks of pregnancy (from standard 38-42). 1977 The emergence of technologies for resuscitation of premature babies. Lower threshold vitality shifts to 22 weeks. 1978 Birth of the first in the world of “test tube baby” by Louise Brown. Before this was done over 600 failed IVF attempts. In the USSR, the first test tube child was born in 1986. 1996 Birth of the cloned sheep Dolly, created by Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell at the Roslyn Institute, in Scotland. Today, scientists have cloned almost all species animals and even, as anonymous sources from South Korea claim, person. Vladimir Tikhomirov
Water Time DNA Life Mammoths Plastic Russia USSR Evolution Japan
